CUTAR DAMUWA
DEPRESSION
1. Depression ciwo ne da yake shafar zuciya da kwakwalwa. Mutane da yawa suna gani cewa depression shine mutum ya shiga matsala ko ya rika jin haushi da bacin rai na dan wani lokaci. Sai dai depression ya wuce haka. A turance depression yana nufin a danne wani a hanashi rawar gaban hantsi. Ko kuma Mutum ya shiga wani yanayi da bature yake cewa 'boredom', wato yanayi na rashin abun yi.
2. Sai dai abinda zamuyi magana akai shine Clinical depression, ana kuma kiransa da major depressive disorder ko, ko biochemical depression, ko endogenous depression ko biological depression ko kuma unipolar disorder. Duk wadannan sunaye ana amfani dasu wajen kiran irin depression da yake zama matsala ga rayuwar mutum sosai, ta yadda in ba asibiti akaje ba, dai dai abu yayi ta kara muni.
3. To yaya ake gane cewa mutum yana faama da clinical depression? "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10)" wata hanya ce da WHO ta samar don gano alamomin ciwuka irin depression. A tsarin ICD-10, ana tabbatar da cewa mutum yana da clinical depression ne idan ya shafe akalla sati biyu dauke da alamomin clinical depression. Hakazalika sai wadannan alamomi sun zama ana tare dasu kullum ko kuma kusan kullum kafin a kai ga tabbatar da cewa akwai depression. Sannan ba za a tabbatar da clinical depression ba har sai wadannan alamomi (symptoms) sun zama suna kawo matsala ga tsarin rayuwar mai faama da clinical depression, kamar misali suna kawo matsala ga yadda yake gudanar da aikinsa, ko alakarsa da iyalinsa, ko sauran jama'a ko kuma sauran abubuwa masu muhimmanci ga rayuwar maras lafiya.A takaice dai dole wadannan matsaloli su zama sun mayar da tsarin rayuwar maras lafiya ya sha bamban da na sauran mutane.
4. Idan aka samu akalla biyar daga cikin wadannan alamomi a tare da maras lafiya to za a tabbatar da cewa mutum yana faama da depression,
a. Baƙin ciki da debewar tsammani a rayuwa (hopelessness), da jin rayuwarka bata da ma'ana, wato mutum ya rasa abinda ke masa dadi a duniya. Idan hakan ya zamto yana faruwa a mafi yawan lokuta a rana, to za a lissafa shi a cikin alamomin clinical depression. Yara 'yan shekaru 13-19 (teenagers) kuwa, idan suna faama da clinical depression, sukan zama suna kasa zama guri daya, sannan suna tsananin saurin fushi da zafin rai maimakon bakin ciki da debewar tsammani irin na manya.
b. Mutum yaji kwata-kwata baya sha'awar al'amuran rayuwa da sauran mutane suke sha'awah. Haka kuma koda yayi wadannan abubuwa, ba zai samu farin ciki da jin dadi (pleasure) kamar yadda sauran mutane suke samu ba.
c. Ramewa ga wadanda ba ramar suke nema ba (misali wadanda qiba tayi musu yawa suka rage cin abincinsu don su rageta-wato 'dieting' kenan). Ramewa da kashi biyar cikin dari na nauyin jiki (5% loss of body weight) ko sama da haka, yana nuni zuwa ga alamar clinical depression.
d. Yin bacci fiye da kima ko kuma matsalar bacci da wahala wajen yin bacci ga wasu.
e. Yawan kai komo fiye da kima (psychomotor agitation), ko kuma rashin motsi da zama waje daya (psychomotor retardation) ga wasu.
f. Yawan gajiya ko kuma rashin karfi kusan koda yaushe ko kuma a mafi yawan lokuta.
g. Mutum ya rika ji kamar bashi da wata amfani a duniya (worthlessnes) ko kuma ya rika ji kamar yayi wani babban laifi (guilt).
h. Mutum ya kasa yin tunani ko kuma mayar ko hankali akan wani abu (lack of concentration), ko kuma ya kasa yanke wani hukunci (difficulty in decision-making) a rayuwa kamar yadda sauran mutane suke yi.
i. Yawan tunanin mutuwa; ya zama a ko da yaushe ko kuma a mafi yawan lokuta shi mutuwa yake tunani. Wasu daga cikin masu wannan matsala ba wai tsoron mutuwar suke ba, amma dai kullum cikin tunaninta suke, wasu kuma a cikin masu wannan matsalar suna tsoron mutuwa fiye da yadda sauran mutane suke, wato fiye da yadda hankali zai dauka.
5. Idan kuka dubi abubuwan da muka lissafo a sama, zaku gane cewa Depression babbar matsala ce mai sarkakiya. Idan ba kai kake faama da ita ba, ba zaka taba gane yaya mai faama da ita yake ji ba. Shiyasa wasu a cikin jahilci suke hantaran masu depression, a ganinsu ba rashin lafiya bane. Hakan ba karamin matsala yake jawowa ba. Yana sanyawa mutane su kare rayuwarsu cikin bakin ciki da damuwa, wasu ma har suyi tunanin kashe kansu. Ya zama dole a ilmantar da jama'a akan depression, don kowa ya gane cewa mai depression taimako yake nema ba hantara da cin mutunci ba. Zamuyi magana akan matsalolin da depression yakan haifar a rayuwar masu shi a yayin da aka gaza wajen daukar matakin da ya dace wajen maganceshi akan lokaci.
6. A kasashen gabashin duniya, an fi samun mata da depression fiye da maza ta yadda alkaluman bincike suka nuna cewa depression a cikin mata ya ninka wanda ke cikin mazaje har ninki biyu, sai dai maza sunfi kashe kansu akan depression, fiye da mata. Depression a cikin yara yana da wahalar ganowa. Yara masu depression sukan zama basa son cin abinci (loss of appetite). Sannan sukan zamo suna samun matsala a cikin rayuwarsu fiye da sauran yara. Misali sukan samu matsalar bacci ko su rika mugayen mafarkai. Ko kuma su rika samun matsala a wajen gudanar da rayuwarsu ko kuma a cikin sakamakon su na makaranta.
7. Depressions ya kasu zuwa kashi biyar:
a. Melancholia ko melancholic depression: depression ne mai muni. Yana jawo matsalar rashin cin abinci (loss of appetite) da matsalar bacci ko kuma mutum ya zama ya tsani ganin kansa cikin jama'a.
b. Psychotic depression yana kama da melancholia, sai dai shi yana sanya mai faama dashi ya zama yana rasa hankalinsa na wani lokaci. Ya rika ganin abinda mutane basa gani ko kuma abinda babu shi ma a duniya (hallucination da delusion).
c. Atypical depression yana sanyawa mutum ya kasa zaune ya kasa tsaye, ya zama yana birkice (anxiety) ko kuma cikin tsananin tsoro da razana (panic attack).
d. Chronic dysthymic disorder shima depression ne da bashi da tsanani amma akan shafe tsawon lokaci ana fama dashi. Yana farawa daga lokacin da aka balaga (adolescence), sannan akan shafe daga shekara biyar zuwa shekaru da yawa ana faama dashi.
e. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Depression ne da yake zuwa a lokacin sanyi (winter) kuma yake tafiya lokacin zafi.
8. Gano hakikanin abinda ke jawo depression ya gagara. Ana cigaba da tafka muhawara a tsakanin masana kimiyya akan abinda ke jawo depression. Sai dai dukkan muhawarar ta ta'allaka ne akan abubuwa guda uku:
a. Wasu suna ganin cewa abinda ke jawo depression ya shafi al'amura ne na biology (biological factors). Wato samun canji na wasu sinadarai da suke kai-komo tsakanin kwakwalwa da sauran sassan jiki. Wadannan sinadarai ko 'yan aika su ake kira 'neurotransmitters'. Masu wannan bayani sunce samun canji ko matsala daga 'neurotransmitters' shike jawo depression.
b. Akwai wadanda suke gani yanayin tunani ke jawo depression. Suna ganin cewa idan mutum yana yawan yin tunani mai jawo bakin ciki (negative thoughts), to hakan zai haifar da matsala ga tsarin rayuwarsa, ya zamto yana jin haushin kansa da haushin sauran jama'a ba tare da dalili ba. Wadannan su suka kira da 'Cognitive factors'. A cewarsu idan mutum yana tunani na rashin jin dadi da debewar tsammani (negative thoughts), hakan zai haifar masa da bakin ciki da kuma rashin jin dadin rayuwa da jin haushin mutane da sauran alamomin depression.
c. Akwai kuma wadanda suke ganin cewa matsalolin rayuwa irin su rabuwar aure, kora daga aiki, cutarwa ko cin zali (bully), talauci da sauransu su suke jawo depression. Wannan shi ake kira 'Socio-cultutal factors'.
9. Baya ga wadancan da aka ambata a sama, akwai abubuwan da ake zargin suna jawo depression:
a. Gado: Ana ga cewa za a iya gadon depression a wajen iyaye ko kakanni ko kawunai da sauransu, sai dai sau tari akan samu masu depression wadanda a danginsu babu mai shi ko kwara daya.
b. Akwai chemicals (neurotransmitters) da suke aiki a kwakwalwa kuma suke lura da ayyuka daban-daban. Misali akwai chemical da ake kira 'serotonin' wadda shi ke kula da sashen farin ciki na kwakwalwa. Tsananin yawansa ko karancinsa yana haifar da depression.
c. Akwai al'amuran rayuwa da idan sun faru da mutum zasu iya haifar da depression; sun hada da mutuwar iyaye ko masu kula da mutum, guje wa mutum ko kuma a yasar dashi kamar almajirai da sauransu ko a ƙi mutum a cikin al'uma (abandonment, rejection, ko neglect), cuta ko rashin lafiya da mutum ya jima yana faama da ita (chronic illness), cutarwa da akayi wa mutum a jiki (ta hanyar duka da sauransu) ko ga zuciya (zagi da cin mutunci da hantara ko cin amana da sauransu), ko fyade ko kokarin tursasawa zuwa jima'i daga masu manyan matsayi ko alfarma (sexual abuse), da sauransu.
d. Matsaloli da suka shafi yanayin tunanin mutum, Kamar raina kai ko kuma raina abinda zaka iya, kana ji cewa baka kai ba, duk da a zahirin gaskiya ka wuce (low self-esteem).
e. Matsalolin rayuwa kamar su rashin aikin yi, rashin wajen zama ko wajen kwana kamar masu kwana akan hanya (homelessness), matsala da abokin zama ko abokiyar zama ko soyayya, ko rabuwa da abokiyar zama ko soyayya (kamar saurayi ya yaudari budurwa ko budurwa ta yaudari saurayi ko tsakanin mata da namiji ko cin amana da sauran relationship problems), cutarwa daga masu laifi kamar barayi da 'yan fashi da 'yan daba da masu fyade da sauransu da sauran matsaloli suna haifar da depression.
f. Akwai cutuka da suke haifar da depression kamar su hypothyroidism, hepatitis, mononucleosis, head injury da sauransu.
e. Shan giya da shan magunguna ba bisa ƙa'ida ba (drug abuse) kamar magungunan saka bacci da magungunan hana haihuwa da sauransu suna iya haifar da depression.
g. Akwai magunguna da ake amfani dasu wajen kashe kwari (pesticides), binciken wasu masana ya tabbatar da yiwuwarsu na jawo depression.
1. Depression ciwo ne da yake shafar zuciya da kwakwalwa. Mutane da yawa suna gani cewa depression shine mutum ya shiga matsala ko ya rika jin haushi da bacin rai na dan wani lokaci. Sai dai depression ya wuce haka. A turance depression yana nufin a danne wani a hanashi rawar gaban hantsi. Ko kuma Mutum ya shiga wani yanayi da bature yake cewa 'boredom', wato yanayi na rashin abun yi.
2. Sai dai abinda zamuyi magana akai shine Clinical depression, ana kuma kiransa da major depressive disorder ko, ko biochemical depression, ko endogenous depression ko biological depression ko kuma unipolar disorder. Duk wadannan sunaye ana amfani dasu wajen kiran irin depression da yake zama matsala ga rayuwar mutum sosai, ta yadda in ba asibiti akaje ba, dai dai abu yayi ta kara muni.
3. To yaya ake gane cewa mutum yana faama da clinical depression? "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10)" wata hanya ce da WHO ta samar don gano alamomin ciwuka irin depression. A tsarin ICD-10, ana tabbatar da cewa mutum yana da clinical depression ne idan ya shafe akalla sati biyu dauke da alamomin clinical depression. Hakazalika sai wadannan alamomi sun zama ana tare dasu kullum ko kuma kusan kullum kafin a kai ga tabbatar da cewa akwai depression. Sannan ba za a tabbatar da clinical depression ba har sai wadannan alamomi (symptoms) sun zama suna kawo matsala ga tsarin rayuwar mai faama da clinical depression, kamar misali suna kawo matsala ga yadda yake gudanar da aikinsa, ko alakarsa da iyalinsa, ko sauran jama'a ko kuma sauran abubuwa masu muhimmanci ga rayuwar maras lafiya.A takaice dai dole wadannan matsaloli su zama sun mayar da tsarin rayuwar maras lafiya ya sha bamban da na sauran mutane.
4. Idan aka samu akalla biyar daga cikin wadannan alamomi a tare da maras lafiya to za a tabbatar da cewa mutum yana faama da depression,
a. Baƙin ciki da debewar tsammani a rayuwa (hopelessness), da jin rayuwarka bata da ma'ana, wato mutum ya rasa abinda ke masa dadi a duniya. Idan hakan ya zamto yana faruwa a mafi yawan lokuta a rana, to za a lissafa shi a cikin alamomin clinical depression. Yara 'yan shekaru 13-19 (teenagers) kuwa, idan suna faama da clinical depression, sukan zama suna kasa zama guri daya, sannan suna tsananin saurin fushi da zafin rai maimakon bakin ciki da debewar tsammani irin na manya.
b. Mutum yaji kwata-kwata baya sha'awar al'amuran rayuwa da sauran mutane suke sha'awah. Haka kuma koda yayi wadannan abubuwa, ba zai samu farin ciki da jin dadi (pleasure) kamar yadda sauran mutane suke samu ba.
c. Ramewa ga wadanda ba ramar suke nema ba (misali wadanda qiba tayi musu yawa suka rage cin abincinsu don su rageta-wato 'dieting' kenan). Ramewa da kashi biyar cikin dari na nauyin jiki (5% loss of body weight) ko sama da haka, yana nuni zuwa ga alamar clinical depression.
d. Yin bacci fiye da kima ko kuma matsalar bacci da wahala wajen yin bacci ga wasu.
e. Yawan kai komo fiye da kima (psychomotor agitation), ko kuma rashin motsi da zama waje daya (psychomotor retardation) ga wasu.
f. Yawan gajiya ko kuma rashin karfi kusan koda yaushe ko kuma a mafi yawan lokuta.
g. Mutum ya rika ji kamar bashi da wata amfani a duniya (worthlessnes) ko kuma ya rika ji kamar yayi wani babban laifi (guilt).
h. Mutum ya kasa yin tunani ko kuma mayar ko hankali akan wani abu (lack of concentration), ko kuma ya kasa yanke wani hukunci (difficulty in decision-making) a rayuwa kamar yadda sauran mutane suke yi.
i. Yawan tunanin mutuwa; ya zama a ko da yaushe ko kuma a mafi yawan lokuta shi mutuwa yake tunani. Wasu daga cikin masu wannan matsala ba wai tsoron mutuwar suke ba, amma dai kullum cikin tunaninta suke, wasu kuma a cikin masu wannan matsalar suna tsoron mutuwa fiye da yadda sauran mutane suke, wato fiye da yadda hankali zai dauka.
5. Idan kuka dubi abubuwan da muka lissafo a sama, zaku gane cewa Depression babbar matsala ce mai sarkakiya. Idan ba kai kake faama da ita ba, ba zaka taba gane yaya mai faama da ita yake ji ba. Shiyasa wasu a cikin jahilci suke hantaran masu depression, a ganinsu ba rashin lafiya bane. Hakan ba karamin matsala yake jawowa ba. Yana sanyawa mutane su kare rayuwarsu cikin bakin ciki da damuwa, wasu ma har suyi tunanin kashe kansu. Ya zama dole a ilmantar da jama'a akan depression, don kowa ya gane cewa mai depression taimako yake nema ba hantara da cin mutunci ba. Zamuyi magana akan matsalolin da depression yakan haifar a rayuwar masu shi a yayin da aka gaza wajen daukar matakin da ya dace wajen maganceshi akan lokaci.
6. A kasashen gabashin duniya, an fi samun mata da depression fiye da maza ta yadda alkaluman bincike suka nuna cewa depression a cikin mata ya ninka wanda ke cikin mazaje har ninki biyu, sai dai maza sunfi kashe kansu akan depression, fiye da mata. Depression a cikin yara yana da wahalar ganowa. Yara masu depression sukan zama basa son cin abinci (loss of appetite). Sannan sukan zamo suna samun matsala a cikin rayuwarsu fiye da sauran yara. Misali sukan samu matsalar bacci ko su rika mugayen mafarkai. Ko kuma su rika samun matsala a wajen gudanar da rayuwarsu ko kuma a cikin sakamakon su na makaranta.
7. Depressions ya kasu zuwa kashi biyar:
a. Melancholia ko melancholic depression: depression ne mai muni. Yana jawo matsalar rashin cin abinci (loss of appetite) da matsalar bacci ko kuma mutum ya zama ya tsani ganin kansa cikin jama'a.
b. Psychotic depression yana kama da melancholia, sai dai shi yana sanya mai faama dashi ya zama yana rasa hankalinsa na wani lokaci. Ya rika ganin abinda mutane basa gani ko kuma abinda babu shi ma a duniya (hallucination da delusion).
c. Atypical depression yana sanyawa mutum ya kasa zaune ya kasa tsaye, ya zama yana birkice (anxiety) ko kuma cikin tsananin tsoro da razana (panic attack).
d. Chronic dysthymic disorder shima depression ne da bashi da tsanani amma akan shafe tsawon lokaci ana fama dashi. Yana farawa daga lokacin da aka balaga (adolescence), sannan akan shafe daga shekara biyar zuwa shekaru da yawa ana faama dashi.
e. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Depression ne da yake zuwa a lokacin sanyi (winter) kuma yake tafiya lokacin zafi.
8. Gano hakikanin abinda ke jawo depression ya gagara. Ana cigaba da tafka muhawara a tsakanin masana kimiyya akan abinda ke jawo depression. Sai dai dukkan muhawarar ta ta'allaka ne akan abubuwa guda uku:
a. Wasu suna ganin cewa abinda ke jawo depression ya shafi al'amura ne na biology (biological factors). Wato samun canji na wasu sinadarai da suke kai-komo tsakanin kwakwalwa da sauran sassan jiki. Wadannan sinadarai ko 'yan aika su ake kira 'neurotransmitters'. Masu wannan bayani sunce samun canji ko matsala daga 'neurotransmitters' shike jawo depression.
b. Akwai wadanda suke gani yanayin tunani ke jawo depression. Suna ganin cewa idan mutum yana yawan yin tunani mai jawo bakin ciki (negative thoughts), to hakan zai haifar da matsala ga tsarin rayuwarsa, ya zamto yana jin haushin kansa da haushin sauran jama'a ba tare da dalili ba. Wadannan su suka kira da 'Cognitive factors'. A cewarsu idan mutum yana tunani na rashin jin dadi da debewar tsammani (negative thoughts), hakan zai haifar masa da bakin ciki da kuma rashin jin dadin rayuwa da jin haushin mutane da sauran alamomin depression.
c. Akwai kuma wadanda suke ganin cewa matsalolin rayuwa irin su rabuwar aure, kora daga aiki, cutarwa ko cin zali (bully), talauci da sauransu su suke jawo depression. Wannan shi ake kira 'Socio-cultutal factors'.
9. Baya ga wadancan da aka ambata a sama, akwai abubuwan da ake zargin suna jawo depression:
a. Gado: Ana ga cewa za a iya gadon depression a wajen iyaye ko kakanni ko kawunai da sauransu, sai dai sau tari akan samu masu depression wadanda a danginsu babu mai shi ko kwara daya.
b. Akwai chemicals (neurotransmitters) da suke aiki a kwakwalwa kuma suke lura da ayyuka daban-daban. Misali akwai chemical da ake kira 'serotonin' wadda shi ke kula da sashen farin ciki na kwakwalwa. Tsananin yawansa ko karancinsa yana haifar da depression.
c. Akwai al'amuran rayuwa da idan sun faru da mutum zasu iya haifar da depression; sun hada da mutuwar iyaye ko masu kula da mutum, guje wa mutum ko kuma a yasar dashi kamar almajirai da sauransu ko a ƙi mutum a cikin al'uma (abandonment, rejection, ko neglect), cuta ko rashin lafiya da mutum ya jima yana faama da ita (chronic illness), cutarwa da akayi wa mutum a jiki (ta hanyar duka da sauransu) ko ga zuciya (zagi da cin mutunci da hantara ko cin amana da sauransu), ko fyade ko kokarin tursasawa zuwa jima'i daga masu manyan matsayi ko alfarma (sexual abuse), da sauransu.
d. Matsaloli da suka shafi yanayin tunanin mutum, Kamar raina kai ko kuma raina abinda zaka iya, kana ji cewa baka kai ba, duk da a zahirin gaskiya ka wuce (low self-esteem).
e. Matsalolin rayuwa kamar su rashin aikin yi, rashin wajen zama ko wajen kwana kamar masu kwana akan hanya (homelessness), matsala da abokin zama ko abokiyar zama ko soyayya, ko rabuwa da abokiyar zama ko soyayya (kamar saurayi ya yaudari budurwa ko budurwa ta yaudari saurayi ko tsakanin mata da namiji ko cin amana da sauran relationship problems), cutarwa daga masu laifi kamar barayi da 'yan fashi da 'yan daba da masu fyade da sauransu da sauran matsaloli suna haifar da depression.
f. Akwai cutuka da suke haifar da depression kamar su hypothyroidism, hepatitis, mononucleosis, head injury da sauransu.
e. Shan giya da shan magunguna ba bisa ƙa'ida ba (drug abuse) kamar magungunan saka bacci da magungunan hana haihuwa da sauransu suna iya haifar da depression.
g. Akwai magunguna da ake amfani dasu wajen kashe kwari (pesticides), binciken wasu masana ya tabbatar da yiwuwarsu na jawo depression.
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